Sources, methods and validation
Sources and licences
- Hoard accounts, object and period pages, guides: original text written for this site from the sources listed on each page (museum catalogues and press releases, official Treasure reports and legislation, scholarship, Wikipedia and its references). Text from those sources is not reproduced.
- Wikidata (CC0): the register of hoards, the grey dots on the map, and the automatic cross-check below. Last refreshed 26 October 2026.
- Wikimedia Commons: 398 photographs, each chosen by eye and credited where it appears. Allowed licences only: CC BY-SA 4.0 (104), CC BY-SA 3.0 (100), Public domain (46), CC BY 3.0 (37), CC BY 2.0 (33), CC0 (24), CC BY 4.0 (21), CC BY-SA 2.0 (21), CC BY 2.5 (5), CC BY-SA 2.5 (3), CC BY-SA 3.0 nl (2), CC BY-SA 2.5 es (1), CC BY-SA 3.0 es (1). Museum open-access images (for example the Metropolitan Museum's CC0 releases) reach the site through Commons. Images supplied by the British Museum are not used, even where a free licence is claimed for them; photographs that visitors took of objects in the British Museum and released themselves are.
- Natural Earth (public domain): coastlines, borders, rivers and towns for the maps, which are drawn for this site.
- Portable Antiquities Scheme (finds.org.uk): cited and linked as the place to record finds in England and Wales. Its database could not be read by this site's software (the site answers automated requests with a browser challenge), so no PAS records are republished here. PAS photographs appear only where PAS itself released them on Commons, under the licence stated there.
Locations
Every hoard is placed at a public, coarse location: the village, town or district named in museum and official publications, with coordinates rounded to one decimal place (about 10 km). The maps are drawn at county or regional scale. Findspots are never given, following the practice of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which coarsens findspots to protect sites from illegal digging.
People
Finders and landowners of recent hoards are not named, and nobody accused or convicted in a recent case is named. People long dead, such as the workmen who found the Cuerdale hoard in 1840, are.
Dates
"Buried" is the estimated deposit date given by the museum or the published study, usually based on the latest coin (see how hoards are dated). Where a range is given, charts use its midpoint and draw the range as a line. "Years in the ground" is the find year minus that midpoint, rounded.
Weights and prices
The weight explorer only uses metal weights that a cited source publishes and prices that a cited source gives, with the conversion to grams of metal written out. Comparisons are made only within the same period. They are orders of magnitude, not valuations.
Validation: key facts against two sources
For 27 hoards, the find year, the number of objects and the holding museum were each checked against two independent sources. Disagreements are listed, not smoothed over: counts in particular change as conservation separates fused coins and fragments.
68 of 81 facts agree across both sources; the other 13 are explained below.
| Hoard | Fact | Value used | Sources | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nebra hoard (Nebra sky disc) | Find year | 1999 | Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle: illegally unearthed in the summer of 1999 Wikipedia: In 1999, the disc was found buried on the Mittelberg hill |
✓ agree |
| Contents | disc, 2 swords, 2 axes, 1 chisel, 2 spiral arm rings (fragments) | German Wikipedia: zwei Bronzeschwerter, zwei Beile, ein Meißel und Bruchstücke spiralförmiger Armreife; caption: Bruchstücke zweier spiralförmiger Armreife English Wikipedia: two bronze swords, two sets of remains of axes, a chisel, and fragments of spiral armbands |
✓ agree Both Wikipedias are not fully independent; the museum page does not list the companion finds. The English text's 'two sets of remains of axes' is odd wording for two axes. | |
| Museum | State Museum of Prehistory, Halle | Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle: originals belong to the State Museum of Prehistory in Halle; on show since 23 May 2008 Wikipedia: held by the State Museum of Prehistory in Halle |
✓ agree | |
| Panagyurishte Treasure | Find year | 1949 | Wikipedia: discovered 8 December 1949 BNT News (Bulgarian National Television): unearthed by accident by three brothers in 1949 during clay digging |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 9 vessels | Wikipedia: a phiale, an amphora-rhyton and seven rhyta; all nine vessels BNT News (Bulgarian National Television): nine solid gold vessels: one phiale, one amphora and seven rhytons, 6.164 kg |
✓ agree Both give 6.164 kg; they differ on purity (24 vs 23 carat). | |
| Museum | National Museum of History, Sofia (owner per BNT); shown in rotation at Plovdiv and Panagyurishte | BNT News (Bulgarian National Television): the objects belong to the National Museum of History in Sofia Wikipedia: infobox location: Regional Archaeological Museum, Plovdiv; centrepiece of collections in Plovdiv, Sofia and Panagyurishte |
✗ differ Custody has been disputed between Sofia and Plovdiv; the set rotates between three museums and replicas stand in when it is away. | |
| Snettisham Hoard | Find year | 1948 (first hoard); further finds to 1990s | Current Archaeology: November 1948, plough strikes metal on Ken Hill Norfolk Heritage Explorer NHER 1487: 1948-50 discovery and excavation of Iron Age gold hoards Wikipedia: found between 1948 and 1992 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | over 60 complete or near-complete torcs; more than 1,200 objects | University of Cambridge Department of Archaeology: at least 14 hoards; over 60 complete or near-complete torcs, hundreds more as fragments Norfolk Heritage Explorer NHER 1487: nearly 180 torcs, 75 complete; over 100 ingot rings/bracelets; 170 coins, ingots and other pieces |
✗ differ The newer British Museum/Cambridge study counts over 60 complete or near-complete torcs; the older county record says 75 complete. Totals depend on how fragments and later finds are counted. | |
| Museum | British Museum (most); Norwich Castle Museum | Current Archaeology: majority in the British Museum, significant collection at Norwich Castle Museum Wikipedia: British Museum and Norwich Castle Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Grouville Hoard (Le Câtillon II) | Find year | 2012 | Guinness World Records: discovered in 2012 (record date 29 June 2012) Current Archaeology: found in May 2012 |
✓ agree Month differs: Current Archaeology says May 2012; the hoard was publicly reported and lifted in June 2012; first scattered coins were found earlier in 2012. |
| Contents | 69,347 coins | Guinness World Records: 69,347 Current Archaeology: almost 70,000 / more than 69,000 |
✓ agree Current Archaeology rounds; Guinness gives the exact verified count. | |
| Museum | La Hougue Bie Museum, Jersey Heritage | Jersey Heritage: Searching for Jersey's Celts, La Hougue Bie, 1 March 2023 to 31 December 2026 Archaeology Magazine (2025): housed at La Hougue Bie Museum, Grouville |
✓ agree | |
| Hallaton Treasure | Find year | 2000 | Current Archaeology: In 2000 ... discovered some Iron Age coins Harborough Museum: found at Hallaton in 2000 Wikipedia: 19 November 2000 |
✓ agree The exact day (19 November) comes from Wikipedia citing BBC News. |
| Contents | 5,294 coins | Current Archaeology: 5,294 Iron Age coins Wikipedia (Hallaton Helmet, citing British Museum blog): some 5,296 Iron Age and Roman coins Harborough Museum: over 5,000 coins |
✗ differ A difference of two coins, perhaps whether two Roman coins are counted. | |
| Museum | Harborough Museum, Market Harborough | Harborough Museum: Discover the Hallaton Treasure Wikipedia: Finds from the Treasure are displayed at Harborough Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Hildesheim Treasure | Find year | 1868 | Wikipedia: unearthed on October 17, 1868 evangelisch.de (epd report, 2018): discovered by Prussian soldiers on 17 October 1868 Lex.dk: found in 1868 near Hildesheim |
✓ agree |
| Contents | over 70 pieces | Wikipedia: about seventy solid silver vessels Lex.dk: more than 70 objects evangelisch.de (epd report, 2018): 77 pieces German Wikipedia: 73 pieces |
✗ differ Counts range from about 70 to 77; the difference probably reflects whether fragments, lids and later-recovered pieces are counted separately. 'Over 70' is safe. | |
| Museum | Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Altes Museum) | Wikipedia: kept in the Antikensammlung Berlin (Altes Museum) Lex.dk: exhibited in the Altes Museum in Berlin |
✓ agree | |
| Berthouville Treasure | Find year | 1830 | J. Paul Getty Museum press release: discovered by a French farmer plowing his field near the village of Berthouville ... in 1830 ISAW, NYU: In 1830 a farmer plowing a field near the village of Berthouville Wikipedia: 21 March 1830 |
✓ agree The exact day (21 March) comes from the Wikipedias only. |
| Contents | about 90 objects | J. Paul Getty Museum press release: about 90 silver objects weighing more than 50 pounds Wikipedia: 93 items ISAW, NYU: two statuettes ... approximately sixty vessels ... along with dozens of smaller components and fragments French Wikipedia: une centaine de pièces |
✗ differ Totals depend on whether detached handles and appliqués count as separate objects; about 90 is the Getty's figure and sits between the others. | |
| Museum | Bibliothèque nationale de France (Monnaies, médailles et antiques), Paris | J. Paul Getty Museum press release: in the collection of the Cabinet des médailles (now the Department of Coins, Medals and Antiques) at the Bibliothèque nationale de France BnF museum route: the central case holds the Berthouville silver treasure |
✓ agree | |
| Cunetio Hoard | Find year | 1978 | Wikipedia: discovered in 1978 Wiltshire Museum: in 1978, after the find was made, the coins were deposited at the British Museum |
✓ agree The E-Sylum note (2020) also says the hoard was found 'more than 40 years ago'. |
| Contents | 54,951 coins | Wikipedia: 54,951 low value coins The E-Sylum (Numismatic Bibliomania Society): 54,951 coins ... the total is an estimate, since a small block of the hoard has been preserved intact |
✓ agree The Wiltshire Museum also gives 54,951. The E-Sylum note stresses that the total includes an estimate. | |
| Museum | British Museum (coins); Wiltshire Museum, Devizes (jar) | Wikipedia: coins are now in the British Museum and the pot is on display at the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes Wiltshire Museum: coins deposited at the British Museum; the pottery vessel put on display at Wiltshire Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Frome Hoard | Find year | 2010 | Wikipedia: discovered on 11 April 2010 Current Archaeology: found ... near Frome in Somerset in 2010 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 52,503 coins | Wikipedia: 52,503 Roman coins Art Fund: 52,503 coins weighing 160kg |
✓ agree Current Archaeology gives the same figure. | |
| Museum | Museum of Somerset, Taunton | Wikipedia: Museum of Somerset in Taunton ... acquired the hoard in 2011 South West Heritage Trust (Museum of Somerset visitor page): Amongst the treasures on display are ... the Frome Hoard |
✓ agree Art Fund also lists the hoard at the Museum of Somerset. | |
| Water Newton Treasure | Find year | 1975 | Wikipedia: discovered during ploughing in February 1975 British Museum text on Google Arts & Culture: discovered in a recently ploughed field at Water Newton ... in February 1975 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 28 items: 9 vessels, silver plaques and 1 gold plaque | Wikipedia: 27 silver items and one small gold plaque; nine silver vessels British Museum text on Google Arts & Culture: nine vessels, a number of silver votive plaques, and a gold disc |
✓ agree The museum text does not give a total for the plaques; it agrees on nine vessels and one gold piece. | |
| Museum | British Museum | Wikipedia: it is now in the British Museum British Museum text on Google Arts & Culture: Registration number 1975,1002.6; Acquisition: Treasure Trove HM Treasury |
✓ agree The Google Arts & Culture page is the British Museum's own record, so it is not fully independent of the museum, but it is independent of Wikipedia. | |
| Mildenhall Treasure | Find year | 1942 | Wikipedia: discovered while ploughing in January 1942 Mildenhall Museum: on a bitter January afternoon in 1942 |
✓ agree Both rest ultimately on the finders' own account, which was doubted at the 1946 inquest. |
| Contents | 34 pieces | Wikipedia: 34 masterpieces ... consists of over thirty items Mildenhall Museum: 34 items in all |
✓ agree The 34 follows the British Museum registration sequence; Wikipedia's component list, counting reconstructed ladles as single items, is shorter. | |
| Museum | British Museum (originals); replicas at Mildenhall Museum | Wikipedia: on view in the British Museum; replicas in the local museum at Mildenhall Mildenhall Museum: acquired by the British Museum where it can be seen to this day |
✓ agree | |
| Pietroasele Treasure | Find year | 1837 | Wikipedia: found in Pietroasele, Buzău, Romania, in 1837 Gândul (citing Odobescu): found by two stone-cutting peasants during Lent 1837 |
✓ agree Romania Insider gives March-April 1837. |
| Contents | 22 objects found; 12 survive | Wikipedia: some twenty-two objects of gold ... only twelve have survived Gândul: originally 22 or 26 gold objects, of which only 12 were recovered |
✗ differ Agreement on 12 survivors; the original total is 22 in most sources but 22 or 26 in Gândul. | |
| Museum | National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest | Wikipedia: conserved at the National Museum of Romanian History, in Bucharest Gândul: displayed at the National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest since 1971 |
✓ agree | |
| Hoxne Hoard | Find year | 1992 | Wikipedia: discovered 16 November 1992 Suffolk Heritage Explorer (HER record HXN 019): excavation records 1992; illicit digging at the site in December 1992 |
✓ agree The HER record does not print the day, but its 1992 excavation records and the December 1992 illicit digging fix the year. |
| Contents | 14,865 coins plus about 200 other objects | Wikipedia: 14,865 coins: 569 solidi, 14,272 silver, 24 bronze Suffolk Heritage Explorer (HER record HXN 019): 565 solidi, 14,191 silver coins, 24 bronze (14,780) |
✗ differ The HER figures come from the 1993 interim publication; Wikipedia follows the full coin catalogue (Guest 2005), which included coins recovered later. The difference is about 85 coins. | |
| Museum | British Museum | Wikipedia: acquired by the British Museum in April 1994; Room 49 Suffolk Heritage Explorer (HER record HXN 019): declared Treasure Trove in September 1993 and entirely retained by BM |
✓ agree | |
| Sutton Hoo ship burial | Find year | 1939 | Wikipedia: The ship-burial discovered under Mound 1 in 1939 National Trust: In June 1939, archaeologists painstakingly brushed away layers of sandy soil to reveal the shape of a ship |
✓ agree Brown began on Mound 1 in May 1939; the burial chamber was reached and emptied in June-July. |
| Contents | 37 gold coins, 3 blanks and 2 ingots in the purse | Wikipedia: The purse contained thirty-seven gold shillings or tremisses ... three blank coins and two small ingots British Museum record via Google Arts & Culture: contained 37 gold coins, three coin-shaped blanks, and two small gold ingots |
✓ agree The burial has no agreed total object count, so the coin count is checked instead. | |
| Museum | British Museum (Room 41) | Wikipedia: The principal items are now permanently on display at the British Museum British Museum gallery page: Visitor looking at the Sutton Hoo helmet in Room 41 Wikidata (collection, P195): British Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Staffordshire Hoard | Find year | 2009 | Wikipedia: discovered on 5 July 2009 Current Archaeology review of the 2019 monograph: Its discovery in 2009 created a worldwide sensation |
✓ agree |
| Contents | almost 4,600 items and fragments | Wikipedia: almost 4,600 items and metal fragments Current Archaeology review of the 2019 monograph: the 4,600 fragments that make up the Hoard, ... around 600 'significant objects' |
✓ agree Early press figures (over 1,500 items in 2009) predate the cleaning of the soil blocks; the 4,600 figure is the final fragment count, which the research project resolved into about 600 objects. | |
| Museum | Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery (joint owners) | Wikipedia: purchased jointly by the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Wikidata (collection, P195): Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery; Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Birmingham Museums: Hundreds of pieces from the Hoard are on show |
✓ agree | |
| St Ninian's Isle Treasure | Find year | 1958 (4 July) | Wikipedia: discovered on 4 July 1958 Shetland Museum and Archives fact sheet: On the 4th July 1958 ... he discovered the treasure |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 28 silver objects (plus a porpoise jawbone) | Wikipedia: The hoard consists of 28 silver and silver-gilt objects Shetland Museum and Archives fact sheet: They are 28 pieces of silver treasure |
✓ agree Sources group the small items differently (spoon and knife vs a spoon-and-fork object), but agree on 28. | |
| Museum | National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh (replicas in Shetland) | Wikipedia: now held in the successor National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, whilst replicas are held by the Shetland Museum Shetland Museum and Archives fact sheet: The treasure became the property of National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh |
✓ agree | |
| Trewhiddle Hoard | Find year | 1774 (8 November) | Wikipedia: On 8 November 1774, miners streaming for tin uncovered a hoard Wilson and Blunt, Archaeologia 98 (1961): discovered in 1774 by tin-workers in a streamwork, 17 feet under the surface Spink: 8 November 1774 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | at least 114 coins, plus chalice, scourge and fittings | Wikipedia: a hoard of 114 Anglo-Saxon coins together with a silver chalice and other gold and silver objects Spink: consisted of at least 114 Ninth century Anglo-Saxon silver pennies |
✓ agree Both give 114; Spink and Wilson & Blunt stress that some coins were lost before Rashleigh collected them. | |
| Museum | British Museum (most of the hoard) | Wikipedia: Some were later dispersed, but most of the hoard was presented to the British Museum Wikidata (collection, P195): British Museum |
✓ agree British Museum collection pages (e.g. 1880,0410.1-30 for the chalice) appear in search results but return 403 to bots. | |
| Watlington Hoard | Find year | 2015 | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SUR-4A4231: Date of discovery: Thursday 8th October 2015 BBC News: discovered ... in October 2015 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 203 coins (incl. fragments), 15 ingots, 6 other items | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SUR-4A4231: 203 silver coins (including fragments)... 201 pennies and 2 deniers Wikipedia: 186 coins (some fragmentary), 15 ingots and 7 pieces of jewellery BBC News: includes 200 coins |
✗ differ The 186 figure reflects the 2015 Treasure stage; the full 2022 catalogue (followed by PAS) counts 203. The page uses 203. | |
| Museum | Ashmolean Museum, Oxford | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SUR-4A4231: Current location of find: Ashmolean Museum BBC News: The Ashmolean Museum will keep a Viking hoard worth £1.35m |
✓ agree | |
| Spillings Hoard | Find year | 1999 | Swedish History Museum: Friday 16 July 1999 Wikipedia: 16 July 1999 The Moscow Times (2002): July 16, 1999 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 14,295 coins; about 486 arm-rings | Wikipedia: 14,295 coins; 486 bangles The Moscow Times (2002): 14,295 silver coins, 486 silver armlets Swedish History Museum: over 5,000 coins and 178 arm rings (hoard 1); over 9,000 coins and around 340 arm rings, arm bands and other items (hoard 2) |
✓ agree The museum gives rounded per-deposit figures (over 14,000 coins, about 518 rings and bands) that are consistent with the exact totals; Swedish Wikipedia rounds to about 14,000 coins. | |
| Museum | Gotlands Museum, Visby | Wikipedia: on permanent display in the Gotland Museum The Moscow Times (2002): on show in Stockholm until Sept. 1 [2002] before returning to Gotland |
✓ agree The 2002 report predates the permanent display; Lonely Planet's entry for Gotlands Museum also describes the hoard on show there. | |
| Bedale Hoard | Find year | 2012 | Yorkshire Museum: found by metal detectorists in 2012 Wikipedia: discovered on 22 May 2012 |
✓ agree The PAS Treasure case number, 2012 T373, also fits. |
| Contents | 47-48 items | Portable Antiquities Scheme record YORYM-CEE620: Quantity: 47 (pommel, 4 gold hoops, 6 gold rivets, 4 neck-rings (one cut in two), arm-ring, Permian ring fragment, brooch, 29 ingots) Wikipedia: forty-eight silver and gold items |
✗ differ One item apart; most likely the halved neck-ring counted as one or two pieces. | |
| Museum | Yorkshire Museum, York | Portable Antiquities Scheme record YORYM-CEE620: Current location: York Museums Trust: Yorkshire Museum Yorkshire Museum: bought by the Yorkshire Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Galloway Hoard | Find year | 2014 | National Museums Scotland: discovered in 2014 by metal detectorists at Balmaghie Wikipedia: discovered ... in September 2014 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | more than 100 objects | National Museums Scotland (highlights page): comprises more than 100 objects Wikipedia: more than 100 gold, silver, glass, crystal, stone, and earthenware objects |
✓ agree Wikipedia adds that over a hundred more small items were found in the surrounding excavation; these are not counted in the hoard figure. | |
| Museum | National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh | National Museums Scotland: allocated to National Museums Scotland in 2017 The Guardian (2024): allocated to the National Museums Scotland |
✓ agree | |
| Silverdale Hoard | Find year | 2011 | Wikipedia: discovered ... in September 2011 British Museum blog (2011): reported in 2011, after the Barrow-in-Furness hoard of April that year |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 201 items | The Guardian (2011): The 201 pieces of silver Wikipedia: over 200 pieces; 27 coins, 10 arm-rings, 2 finger-rings, 14 ingots, 6 brooch fragments, a wire braid and 141 fragments (= 201) |
✓ agree | |
| Museum | Lancashire County Museum Service | Wikipedia: purchased by Lancashire County Museum Service The Guardian (2013): £110,000 that it needed to acquire the ... hoard, with the help of a £45,000 grant from the NHMF, £33,000 from the Art Fund |
✓ agree | |
| Cuerdale Hoard | Find year | 1840 | BBC History (Williams and Webster, British Museum): found on 15 May 1840 Wikipedia: discovered on 15 May 1840 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | about 8,600 items | BBC History (Williams and Webster, British Museum): around 8,600 items of silver coins and bullion; over 7,000 coins Wikipedia: more than 8,600 items |
✓ agree Both use approximate figures; the hoard was dispersed in the 1840s, so no exact total exists. | |
| Museum | British Museum (most); Ashmolean Museum and others | BBC History (Williams and Webster, British Museum): distributed to over 170 recipients; the lion's share allocated to the British Museum Wikipedia: bulk remains at the British Museum; about 60 items at the Ashmolean; Quentovic coins at Boulogne-sur-Mer |
✓ agree | |
| Vale of York Hoard | Find year | 2007 | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SWYOR-AECB53: Date of discovery: Saturday 6th January 2007 Wikipedia: On 6 January 2007 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 617 coins and about 65-69 other items | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SWYOR-AECB53 (British Museum Treasure report): a silver-gilt cup, a gold armring, 67 pieces of silver ... and 617 silver coins; quantity 686 Wikipedia: 617 silver coins and 65 other items |
✗ differ Both agree on 617 coins. The non-coin total differs: 65 (Wikipedia) against 69 in the Treasure report (cup + gold arm-ring + 67 silver pieces). Later conservation or counting conventions may explain the gap. | |
| Museum | Yorkshire Museum and British Museum (joint) | Wikipedia: purchased jointly by York Museums Trust and the British Museum Wikidata: collection: British Museum; Yorkshire Museum |
✓ agree | |
| Hiddensee Treasure | Find year | 1872-74 (first reported 1873) | Viking Gold exhibition (Univ. Greifswald / Stralsund Museum): 1872 until 1874: 16 items of gold jewellery found on the island of Hiddensee German Wikipedia: found between 1872 and 1874; first report June 1873 English Wikipedia: found in 1873 |
✗ differ Not a real conflict: the pieces surfaced over two years, and 1873 is the year the first group was reported and bought. |
| Contents | 16 pieces | Viking Gold exhibition: 16 items of gold jewellery German Wikipedia: 16 parts: neck-ring, brooch, 4 small and 6 large pendants, 4 spacers English Wikipedia: 16 pendants, a brooch, and a neck ring |
✗ differ English Wikipedia's wording implies 18 objects; the museum-linked sources give 16 in total. We follow 16. | |
| Museum | Stralsund Museum | Viking Gold exhibition: Since 2015 the original Hiddensee Hoard is permanently on show in Stralsund Museum English Wikipedia: The original is kept in the Stralsund Museum of Cultural History |
✓ agree | |
| Fishpool Hoard | Find year | 1966 | J. Cherry, Archaeologia 104 (1973): In 1966 the discovery of a hoard of gold coins and jewellery at Fishpool Wikipedia: 1966 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | 1,237 coins, 4 rings, 4 other jewels, 2 chains | British Museum (archived Top Ten Treasures page): 1,237 coins, four rings, four pieces of jewellery and two lengths of chain Wikipedia: 1,237 gold coins, four rings and four other pieces of jewellery, and two lengths of gold chain |
✓ agree Wikipedia cites the British Museum for this figure, so the two are not fully independent. | |
| Museum | British Museum, Room 40 | British Museum (archived Top Ten Treasures page): On display: Room 40: Medieval Europe Wikipedia: on display in Room 40 in the British Museum |
✓ agree The BM page is an archived 2015 copy; current gallery should be rechecked. | |
| Cheapside Hoard | Find year | 1912 | London Museum, The Cheapside Hoard: June 1912 Wikipedia: 1912 |
✓ agree |
| Contents | about 400 to 500 items | London Museum, The Cheapside Hoard: around 500 items Wikipedia: more than 400 pieces |
✗ differ Both are rounded; the difference probably reflects whether loose stones and fragments are counted separately. | |
| Museum | London Museum (almost all); British Museum (about 25); V&A (about 5) | London Museum, The Cheapside Hoard: almost all at London Museum; 25 items in the British Museum, five in the V&A Wikipedia: most in the Museum of London, some in the British Museum and the V&A |
✓ agree The Museum of London was renamed London Museum in 2024. |
Money you could weigh: claims checked
Key numbers and dates on the Money you could weigh pages (weights, dirham dates, hoard dates) were each checked against two sources. 37 of 40 agree; the rest are explained.
| Page | Claim | Sources | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trust and scarcity: from hacksilver to on-chain | The Sigtuna balance box, found in 1911, names its owner Djarfr and carries a verse against thieves | Wikipedia, Sigtuna box: discovered in August 1911 ... 'Diarfr got from a man from Samland / Semgallen these scales' ... 'The bird tore apart the pale thief' Swedish Wikipedia, Sigtunadosan: hittades 1911 i Sigtuna ... en överdel som berättar vem som äger dosan ... en dikt på drottkvätt som varnar tjuvar |
✓ agree Both are Wikipedia language editions, drawing on the 1912 Fornvännen publications by von Friesen and Arne. |
| Bullion and coin co-existed as currency in the Danelaw from c. 865 to at least 930-940 | Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): from the onset of a sustained Viking presence in England in c. AD 865 to at least c. AD 930/40 Hadley and Richards, Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): a hybrid economy with monetary as well as bullion transactions |
✓ agree Hadley and Richards cover Torksey in 872-3 only and prefer 'multiple metal economies' to 'dual economy'. | |
| Edgar's coinage reform dates to about 973, towards the end of his reign | Wikipedia, Scandinavian York: In about 973, Edgar ... reformed the monetary system Wikipedia, Edgar, King of England: It is not known exactly when the reform was introduced, but it was towards the end of his reign |
✓ agree The year is conventional; no contemporary text records the reform. | |
| The flow of Islamic dirhams into Scandinavia ended at the end of the 10th century | National Museum of Denmark (archived): At the end of the 900s the flow of Arab coins stopped Swedish Wikipedia, Arabiska mynt: Omkring år 1000 tog [anglosaxiska och tyska mynt] helt överhand i Norden |
✓ agree | |
| Gotland has yielded about 168,000 Viking-age silver coins, two-thirds of Sweden's total | Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: två tredjedelar (cirka 168 000) av alla vikingatida silvermynt som har påträffats i Sverige Wikipedia, Viking coinage: two thirds of coin finds come from Gotland with finds of approximately 259 524 coins from the Viking Age across all of Sweden |
✓ agree Two-thirds of 259,524 is about 173,000; close to, but not exactly, the museum's figure. | |
| Silver by weight: the Viking bullion economy | Bullion and coin were both used as currency in the Danelaw from about 865 to at least 930-940 | Kershaw, 'An early medieval dual-currency economy: bullion and coin in the Danelaw', Antiquity 91 (2017): silver bullion of Scandinavian origin was used as currency throughout the Danelaw between AD 865 and 940; bullion and coin co-existed for some 70 or 80 years, to at least c. AD 930/40 Hadley and Richards, 'The winter camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872-3, Torksey', Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): a hybrid economy with monetary as well as bullion transactions; 'not so much of a dual economy as of multiple metal economies operating simultaneously' |
✓ agree Both find bullion and coin in use together. They differ on framing: Kershaw argues for a true dual-currency economy, Hadley and Richards (on Torksey alone, 872-3) prefer 'multiple metal economies' including base-metal stycas. Only Kershaw gives the 865-940 span. |
| Cuerdale held over 7,000 coins and more than 36 kg of bullion, about 40 kg in all | BBC History, 'The Cuerdale Hoard' (Gareth Williams and Leslie Webster): around 8,600 items, weighing some 40kg; over 7,000 coins; the bulk by weight was bullion, over 36kg Wikipedia, Cuerdale Hoard: more than 8,600 items; a weight of 32-40 kg, mostly bullion |
✗ differ Coin count and 'mostly bullion' agree. Total weight: the BBC gives about 40 kg; Wikipedia gives a range of 32-40 kg. The page uses 'roughly 40 kg' after the BBC (British Museum curators). | |
| A typical Gotland silver hoard weighs 200-300 g; Spillings held about 67 kg of silver | Swedish History Museum, 'The world's largest Viking treasure': A typical Viking Age silver hoard from Gotland weighs between 200 and 300 grams; the two silver hoards weighed just over 25 kg and around 41 kg Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: Spillingskatten ... den största (67 kg!) bevarade silverskatten från vikingatiden |
✓ agree The 200-300 g figure comes from the Swedish History Museum only. Its two deposit weights (just over 25 kg plus about 41 kg) are consistent with 67 kg. | |
| Gotland accounts for about two-thirds (c. 168,000) of the Viking-age silver coins found in Sweden | Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: Gotland står för två tredjedelar (cirka 168 000) av alla vikingatida silvermynt som har påträffats i Sverige Wikipedia, Viking coinage: In Sweden, two thirds of coin finds come from Gotland with finds of approximately 259 524 coins from the Viking Age across all of Sweden |
✓ agree Two-thirds of Wikipedia's 259,524 would be about 173,000, a little above the museum's 168,000; both are approximations from different dates. | |
| Dublin's Norse rulers began striking coins in 997 | Graham-Campbell, 'The Viking-age silver and gold hoards of Scandinavian character from Scotland', PSAS 107 (1976): the Scandinavians in Ireland who commenced minting their own coins in Dublin in AD 997 Wikipedia, Sigtrygg Silkbeard: In the 990s, he established Ireland's first mint, in Dublin |
✓ agree Wikipedia gives only 'the 990s'; 997 is the conventional date given by Graham-Campbell. | |
| Folding balances and standard weights | Standardised weights were introduced across most of Scandinavia in the 860s-870s (cubo-octahedral c. 860/870, oblate-spheroid c. 870/880) | Aarhus University Press, summary of Skre (ed.), Means of Exchange (2008): the introduction in most of Scandinavia in the 860s-870s of standardized weights Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): two weight types are attested from AD 860/870 and AD 870/880 respectively (cubo-octahedral, then oblate-spheroid) |
✓ agree |
| Torksey has produced more than 350 weights, including nearly 250 of lead, 37 inset | Hadley and Richards, Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): more than 350 weights; nearly one hundred copper-alloy cubo-octahedral; six truncated spheroid; nearly 250 lead weights, thirty-seven inset Heen-Pettersen, 'Inset lead weights from Norway and the western Viking world', Internet Archaeology 56 (2021): Torksey yielded 244 lead weights, 37 of them inset Current Archaeology, 'Viking Torksey: inside the Great Army's winter camp': more than 100 weights |
✗ differ The two scholarly sources agree (nearly 250 vs 244 lead; 37 inset). The magazine's 'more than 100' is far lower, probably an earlier count or only the copper-alloy weights; the page follows the 2016 excavation report. | |
| Cubo-octahedral weights usually weigh 0.5-5 g; the cased spheres 5-150 g | Sperber, 'Bronze coated cubo-octahedral weights with an iron core from Viking Age Sweden', JONAS 12 (1999): bronze covered spherical iron weight (usually between 5 and 150 g); solid bronze cubo-octahedron (usually 0.5 to 5 g); nearly 1000 found in Sweden Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): English cubo-octahedral weights between approximately 0.75 and 4.5g; 32 documented English oblate-spheroids clustered within 10-40g |
✓ agree The English examples fall inside the Swedish ranges. | |
| The Sigtuna balance box was found in August 1911 and carries a runic owner's inscription and a verse against thieves | Wikipedia, Sigtuna box: discovered in August 1911; used by a merchant to keep a small pair of scales; 'Diarfr got from a man from Samland / Semgallen these scales'; a dróttkvætt couplet about a bird tearing a pale thief Swedish Wikipedia, Sigtunadosan (citing von Friesen and Arne, Fornvännen 1912): hittades 1911 i Sigtuna; innehållit en hopfällbar våg och vikter; en dikt som varnar tjuvar |
✓ agree English Wikipedia says the finder was digging by Lake Mälaren; Swedish Wikipedia says a garden. The page says 'a garden in Sigtuna'. | |
| Birka grave Bj 581 contained a set of weights and a quarter dirham of Nasr ibn Ahmad | Wikipedia, Birka grave Bj 581: a quarter silver dirham of Nasr ibn Ahmad dates the grave to shortly following 913-933, likely 940-950; a set of three iron weights; dice, weights and gaming pieces were wrapped in a bag Swedish History Museum images on Wikimedia Commons (SHM 34000:Bj 581): Weights, bipolar. Iron and bronze. Grave find, Björkö ... SHM 34000:Bj 581 (and an octagonal bronze weight from the same grave) |
✓ agree Wikipedia says 'three iron weights'; the museum records show both iron-and-bronze spheroid weights and a bronze cubo-octahedral weight from Bj 581, so the page says 'a set of weights'. | |
| Nicks and pecks: testing silver without a mint | Pecking of coins is first demonstrated in English hoards buried after about 890, and the English pennies from Torksey (872-3) show none | Hadley and Richards, Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): Archibald linked the introduction of pecking to the mid-870s coinage reform; first demonstrated in hoards dated to after c 890; there is no evidence for pecking to test for quality on the Torksey English coins Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): local coins are only occasionally tested in the Danelaw, and are never deliberately cut |
✓ agree Kershaw supports the low rate of testing on local coins but gives no start date; the c. 890 date rests on Archibald via Hadley and Richards. |
| Nicks were cut to expose plated forgeries and to judge fineness by the knife's resistance | Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): nicks designed to expose plated forgeries and assess silver fineness by means of resistance testing Yorkshire Museum, The Bedale Hoard: Tiny cuts have become visible which show the testing of the purity of the silver |
✓ agree The museum confirms the purpose (testing purity) but not the resistance mechanism, which is Kershaw's explanation. | |
| Vale of York ingots carry testing nicks | Portable Antiquities Scheme record SWYOR-AECB53, British Museum Treasure report (archived): Thin, cigar-shaped ingot ... with lump and several testing nicks on edges; several testing nicks on all edges; testing nicks on edges Wikipedia, Vale of York Hoard: 617 silver coins and 65 other items, including ornaments, ingots and hacksilver |
✓ agree Wikipedia confirms the ingots and hacksilver but does not mention the nicks; the Treasure report is the primary source for them. | |
| 11 of 13 analysed ingots (85 per cent) contained more than 90 per cent silver | Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017): Of 13 ingots that have been subject to surface XRF analysis, 11 (85 per cent) have a silver content exceeding 90 per cent National Museums Scotland, 'How Viking is the Galloway Hoard?': The 'broad-band' arm-rings and ingots were made from recycled good-quality silver, mainly coins |
✓ agree The second source supports the general point (good-quality bullion) for a different hoard, not Kershaw's figure, which has no independent confirmation here. | |
| A debasement in southern England in the third quarter of the 9th century reduced coin silver to as little as 18 per cent | Kershaw, Antiquity 91 (2017), citing Metcalf and Northover (1985): a period of severe debasement saw the silver content of local coins drop to a low of 18 per cent Hadley and Richards, Antiquaries Journal 96 (2016): Archibald linked the introduction of pecking to the mid-870s coinage reform |
✓ agree Only Kershaw gives the 18 per cent figure. Hadley and Richards independently place a coinage reform in the mid-870s, consistent with a debasement just before it; neither source alone confirms both points. | |
| Dirhams north: Islamic silver on the Volga road | The dirham weighed about 3 g (introduced 698/9 at an average of 2.97 g) | German Wikipedia, Dirham: im Jahr AH 79 (AD 698/9) im gesamten Umayyadenreich mit einem Durchschnittsgewicht von 2,97 g eingeführt Swedish Wikipedia, Arabiska mynt (after Svensk Uppslagsbok): i silver dirhemen med en vikt av ca 3 g |
✓ agree Swedish Wikipedia dates the reform to 696 for the coinage as a whole; the German article gives AH 79 (698/9) for the dirham. |
| In 10th-century Scandinavian finds the commonest dirhams are Samanid coins from Tashkent (al-Shash) and Samarkand | National Museum of Denmark, 'Silver's route to Denmark - trading with the Arab coins' (archived): In cities such as Samarkand and Tashkent large quantities of silver coins, or 'dirhams', were minted Swedish Wikipedia, Arabiska mynt: Talrikast är i 900-talets fynd de i Tasjkent och Samarkand för den samanidiska dynastin (892-1004) präglade mynten |
✓ agree The Swedish article gives Samanid dates of 892-1004; English Wikipedia gives the dynasty as 819-999 (892 marks Ismail's unification). The page uses 819-999. | |
| The flow of Arab coins into Scandinavia stopped at the end of the 10th century | National Museum of Denmark (archived): At the end of the 900s the flow of Arab coins stopped. Instead western European coins now found their way to Denmark Swedish Wikipedia, Arabiska mynt: Efter omkring år 950 ... anglosaxiska och tyska mynt. Omkring år 1000 tog dessa helt överhand; den yngsta [dirhem funnen i Sverige] är präglad 1010 Wikipedia, Volga trade route: functioned from at least 786 until 1009, when such coins have been found there |
✓ agree All three agree on an end around 1000; the latest dirhams found are dated 1009-1010, after the main flow had ceased. The Swedish summary is from a mid-20th-century reference work. | |
| Gotland accounts for about two-thirds (c. 168,000) of Sweden's Viking-age silver coins | Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: två tredjedelar (cirka 168 000) av alla vikingatida silvermynt som har påträffats i Sverige Wikipedia, Viking coinage: two thirds of coin finds come from Gotland with finds of approximately 259 524 coins from the Viking Age across all of Sweden |
✓ agree Two-thirds of 259,524 is about 173,000, slightly above the museum's 168,000. | |
| The youngest coin in the Spillings hoard dates from about 870 | Swedish History Museum: The youngest coin identified so far dates to AD 870 Swedish Wikipedia, Spillingsskatten: Det yngsta myntet var präglat år 871 |
✗ differ 870 vs 871, probably from converting a Hijri year that spans two Western years. Gotlands Museum says only 'the 870s'. The page says 'about 870'. | |
| Hoards as ledgers: what a buried fortune records | Cuerdale's coins: about 5,000 Danelaw, 1,000 Anglo-Saxon, 1,000 Frankish, about 50 Islamic, one Byzantine | BBC History, 'The Cuerdale Hoard' (Gareth Williams and Leslie Webster): official Anglo-Saxon issues (about 1,000) and coins of the Danelaw (about 5,000) ... about 1,000 Frankish coins, a handful of early Scandinavian coins, about 50 Kufic dirhams ... a few imitations ... a single Byzantine coin Wikipedia, Cuerdale Hoard: The coins in the hoard are from three sources, represented in the proportions 5:1:1 (Viking kingdoms of eastern England, Alfred's Wessex, foreign) |
✓ agree Wikipedia's 5:1:1 ratio matches the BBC's counts. |
| The Vale of York hoard held 617 coins and was buried about 928; its latest dirham was struck at al-Shash in 914-15 | PAS record SWYOR-AECB53, British Museum Treasure report (archived): a total of 617 coins ... The latest firmly dated Islamic coin is a dirham of Nasr b. Ahmad II, issued in al-Shash in AH 303/AD 914-5 ... deposition date of c. AD 928 Wikipedia, Vale of York Hoard: 617 silver coins and 65 other items; deposited 927-928 |
✓ agree Wikipedia does not give the latest dirham; that detail is from the Treasure report only. | |
| Ynglinga saga: Odin's law that the dead would enjoy in Valhalla what they had buried in the earth | Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, Ynglinga saga ch. 8, tr. Samuel Laing (1844), Wikisource: every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: En teori, baserad på Ynglingasagan, är att silvret sparades för att användas efter döden |
✓ agree | |
| Most Viking-age hoards were hidden stores of valuables; a few may be votive offerings | National Museum of Denmark, 'The silver hoards of the Vikings' (archived): A few hoards may be votive offerings. Most of the finds seem to be stocks of valuables that were hidden, for example during times of trouble Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: Trots att det var vanligt att gömma sina värdesaker, verkar det märkligt att många skatter sedan lämnades kvar |
✓ agree Both treat hiding as normal; Gotlands Museum gives more weight to the afterlife theory as an explanation for unrecovered hoards. | |
| The Spillings hoard was buried inside a building, under its floor | Swedish History Museum: the treasures had been buried inside a house dating from the early Viking Age Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: Skatten ... hade gömts under golvet i en stor byggnad, troligen i tygsäckar |
✓ agree | |
| From weight to coin: when the king's stamp took over | Viking rulers of York began striking coins around 895 | Wikipedia, Scandinavian York: The Vikings reintroduced coin minting in York c. 895/896 ... EBRAICE for Eboracum Wikipedia, Viking coinage: The mid 890s saw ... national coinages within the two main kingdoms of the Danelaw. York saw the regal coinages with names of rulers Siefred and Cnut |
✓ agree Both are Wikipedia articles; the BBC's Cuerdale page adds that the dating of these issues largely derives from the Cuerdale hoard itself. |
| The St Edmund memorial coinage was struck in East Anglia c. 895-910 | PAS record, St Eadmund memorial penny (Salisbury Museum, FindID 930623): An Early Medieval silver Saint Eadmund memorial penny, dating to c. AD 895-910. Minted in East Anglia Wikipedia, Viking coinage: The mid 890s ... East Anglia replaced the coinage of King Alfred to St Edmund |
✓ agree The PAS date is a catalogue convention; Wikipedia gives only the start. | |
| Edgar reformed the English coinage about 973, late in his reign | Wikipedia, Scandinavian York: In about 973, Edgar, King of England, reformed the monetary system to give his lands a uniform currency Wikipedia, Edgar, King of England: It is not known exactly when the reform was introduced, but it was towards the end of his reign ... not recorded in documentary sources until the thirteenth century (Roger of Wendover) PAS record via Wikimedia Commons, Eadgar reform penny (FindID 501952): Eadgar's reform coinage (973-975) |
✓ agree 973 is a conventional date, not a documented one; the page says 'conventionally about 973'. | |
| Sweyn Forkbeard (Denmark) and Olof Skötkonung (Sweden) struck the first royal coins of their kingdoms around 995 | Swedish History Museum object description, via Wikimedia Commons: It dates to around 995 and has the inscription 'SVEN REX AD DENER' ... the first minted in Denmark which has the name of a Danish king Wikipedia, Olof Skötkonung: succeeded his father in c. 995 ... the first king in Sweden known to have minted coins, of which a few hundred are extant Wikipedia, Viking coinage: The earliest known issued coins out of Viking age Denmark came under king Sweyn Forkbeard around the year 995 ... Sweden's native coinage began towards the 990s with the king Olof Skötkonung |
✓ agree The Hedeby coins of c. 825 are earlier Scandinavian coins, but they name no king; 'first royal coin' is the accurate claim. | |
| Gotland began striking its own coins about 1140 | Gotlands Museum, Skattkammaren: Från omkring 1140 började Gotland prägla egna mynt av silver Swedish Wikipedia, Gotländska mynt: präglades från mitten av 1100-talet ... Ett mynt som förefaller vara förebilden ... i en silverskatt från Burge, daterad till 1140-talet |
✓ agree Wikipedia says the exact start is unknown and gives 'the mid-12th century'; the museum gives 'about 1140'. | |
| Tracing provenance: following the silver back | Analysis traced the Galloway hoard's lidded vessel to western Asia, with its niello from the Nakhlak mine in central Iran | National Museums Scotland, 'Conserving the Galloway Hoard vessel': XRF, laser ablation and lead isotope analysis ... silver mixed with almost pure copper, a composition typical of Sasanian silver ... confirmed a very precise origin from the silver mine of Nakhlak in central Iran The Observer/Guardian, 1 September 2024: the isotopes of the lead contained within the silver metal and niello match ore from Iran ... the niello derives from the famous mine of Nakhlak in central Iran (Jane Kershaw) |
✓ agree |
| Most of the Galloway hoard's hacksilver was made from melted-down Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian coins | National Museums Scotland, 'Conserving the Galloway Hoard vessel': most of the hacksilver was made from melted-down Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian coins and metalwork National Museums Scotland, 'How Viking is the Galloway Hoard?': The 'broad-band' arm-rings and ingots were made from recycled good-quality silver, mainly coins |
✓ agree Both sources are from the same institution, so they are not fully independent. | |
| The Vale of York hoard's latest dirham was struck at al-Shash in AD 914-15; its Athelstan coins carry the York mint signature | PAS record SWYOR-AECB53, British Museum Treasure report (archived): dirham of Nasr b. Ahmad II, issued in al-Shash in AH 303/AD 914-5; 'Church' type ... the majority carry a York mint signature Wikipedia, Vale of York Hoard: objects from many diverse locations, including Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan, North Africa, Afghanistan, Russia, Ireland, Scandinavia, and continental Europe |
✓ agree Wikipedia confirms the Central Asian origins in general but not the specific al-Shash coin. | |
| Cuerdale's Scandinavian, Byzantine and Islamic coins probably reached Britain via Scandinavia | BBC History, 'The Cuerdale Hoard' (Williams and Webster): It is likely that the Scandinavian, Byzantine, Kufic and imitation Kufic coins all came to Britain from Scandinavia, reflecting the Vikings' links to the east through the Russian river systems Wikipedia, Cuerdale Hoard: The Byzantine and Scandinavian coins would likely have come from Scandinavia in transition to Britain |
✓ agree The Wikipedia wording is from its Viking coinage article's summary of Cuerdale; the substance matches. | |
| Olof Skötkonung's coins are linked to the Sigtuna mint by die links and inscriptions | Wikipedia, Viking coinage: Finds have linked these coins to Sigtuna based on die links as well as relationships between the imagery Wikipedia, Olof Skötkonung: Sigtuna is written SITUN, ZINT, ZTNETEI, or SIDEI |
✓ agree Both are Wikipedia; a numismatic source on the Sigtuna die chains would strengthen this. |
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Automatic check against Wikidata
Every hoard with a Wikidata item has its find year compared with Wikidata's "time of discovery" (P575) at each rebuild. Of 91 hoards, 53 match, 32 have no discovery date in Wikidata, and 6 differ:
| Hoard | This site | Wikidata | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rogozen Treasure | 1985 | 1986 | The first part was found in November 1985 and the rest excavated in January 1986; Wikidata gives 1986. |
| Oxus Treasure | 1877 | 1880 | The treasure surfaced over several seasons from about 1877; Wikidata gives 1880, the year the best-known part reached the market. Both dates appear in the literature. |
| Snettisham Hoard | 1948 | 1900 | Wikidata's 1900 is wrong for the Iron Age torc hoards: the first was ploughed up in 1948, with further finds in 1950, the 1960s-70s and 1990. |
| Neupotz Hoard | 1967 | 2000 | Wikidata gives 2000, apparently the date the finds were published or acquired. The gravel dredging that brought the objects up began in 1967 and ran to 1997. |
| Pentney Hoard | 1978 | 1977 | Sources split between 1977 and 1978 (recorded under 'Where sources differ' on the hoard page). |
| Lewis chessmen | 1831 | 1833 | Wikidata gives 1833. Most accounts, including National Museums Scotland, put the find in 1831 (the pieces were exhibited in Edinburgh in April 1831); 1833 is not supported by the sources we used. |